Ideological Contestation of Islamic Organisations in Indonesia: A Case Study of Muhammadyah and Nahdlatul Ulama
Main Article Content
Abstract
This article discusses the ideological contestation between Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), where Muhammadiyah was established in the early 20th century. The birth of the two mass organisations is inseparable from the influence of thought that developed in the Islamic world at that time, which has implications for the ideological differences between the two. Therefore, this research specifically examines the characteristics of ideological contestation between Muhammadiyah and NU. This research is a qualitative literature study that collects data from various documents, such as books, journal articles, and other sources. The ideology that becomes the material object in this research is then analysed using the theory of ideological contestation. This theory will reveal four characteristics of contestation, namely: variations in different norms, two modes of contestation, three stages of norm implementation, and four cycles of validation. This research shows that differences in basic norms, modes of contestation, and norm implementation are the main drivers of the dynamics between Muhammadiyah and NU. The ideological contestation between Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) is reflected in their different approaches to religious norms, where Muhammadiyah emphasises purification of Islamic teachings through the establishment of modern institutions such as schools and hospitals, while NU adapts local traditions through pesantren that integrate traditional religious values. Their validation also differs, with Muhammadiyah gaining formal recognition from the colonial government, while NU gains strong cultural legitimacy in rural communities through deep-rooted religious ritual traditions. This contestation not only shaped the socio-political identity of Muslims in Indonesia, but also contributed to the formation of a national identity rich in religious and cultural values.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Abdullah, M., Arifin, S., & Ahmad, K. (2012). The Influence of Egyptian Reformists and its Impact on the Development of the Literature of Quranic Exegesis. Arts and Social Sciences Journal, 2012(52), 1–8. https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/the-influence-of-egyptian-reformists-and-its-impact-on-the-development-of-the-literature-of-quranic-exegesis-manuscripts-in-the-malay-archipelago-2151-6200.1000052.pdf
Abushouk, A. I. (2007). Al-Man?r and the ?adhram? Elite in the Malay-Indonesian World?: Challenge and Response. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 17(3), 301–322. https://doi.org/10.1017/S13 56186307007262
Aini, F. (2022). Konsistensi Pemikiran dan Gerakkan Dakwah Organisasi Mathla’ul Anwar di Indonesia. Ishlah: Jurnal Ilmu Ushuluddin, Adab Dan Dakwah, 4(1), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.32939/ishlah.v4i1.133
Alfian. (1980). Islamic Modernism in Indonesia: The Muhammadiyah Movement During the Dutch Colonial Period (1912-1942). LP3ES.
Amin, A. R. Al, & Mahzumi, F. (2022). The Identity Dilemma of Arab Descendants in Indonesia. Kemanusiaan, 29(2), 157–176. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21315/kajh2022.29.2.8
Amir, A. N., & Rahman, T. A. (2021). The Influence of Muhammad Abduh in Indonesia. International Journal Ihya’ ’Ulum Al-Din, 23(1), 27–59. https://doi.org/10.21580/ihya.23.1.7076
Ananda, R. A., & Fata, A. K. (2018). Sejarah Pembaruan Islam di Indonesia. JAWI, 2(1), 19–40. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/jw.v1i1.4121
Anshari, E. S. (1990). Wawasan Islam. Pokok-pokok tentang Islam dan Ummatnya. Rajawali Press.
As’ad, M. (2020). The Dynamics of The Indonesian Hadramis on The Maulid Celebration. Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies (QIJIS), 8(2), 389–430. https://doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v8i2.6586
Aswar, H. (2016). Politik Luar Negeri Arab Saudi Dan Ajaran Salafi-Wahabi Di Indonesia. Jisiera: The Journal Of Islamic Studies And International Relations, 1, 15–30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4606669
Azlan, A. A. (2022). Islam and Nationalism in the Thought of Jamal Al-Din Al-Afghani. Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 12(2), 212–224. https://doi.org/10.32350/jitc.122.15
Bamualim, C. S. (2011). Islamic Militancy and Resentment against Hadhramis in Post-Suharto Indonesia: A Case Study of Habib Rizieq Syihab and His Islamic Defenders Front. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 31(2), 267–281. https://doi.org/doi:10.1215/1089201x-1264226
Baso, A., Sunyoto, K. N. H. A., & Mummaziq, R. (2017). K.H. Hasyim Asy’ari: Pengabdian Seorang Kyai Untuk Negeri (Tim Museum Kebangkitan Nasional (ed.)). Museum Kebangkitan Nasional Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia.
Bhawono, A. (2018). Kiprah 9 Ormas Islam Sebelum Kemerdekaan RI. Detiknews. https://news.detik.com/infografis/d-3844143/kiprah-9-ormas-islam-sebelum-kemerdekaan-ri-
Budiutomo, T. (2012). Peran Trilogi Syarekat Islam Dalam Mewujudkan Pendidikan Yang Bermartabat dan Modern. Academy Of Education Journal. Pendidikan Pancasila Dan Kewarganegaraan, 3(2), 20–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47200/aoej.v3i2.87
Bush, R. (2009). Nahdlatul Ulama and The Struggle for Power Within Islam and Politics in Indonesia. ISEAS Publishing.
Bush, R., & Fealy, G. (2014). The Political Decline of Traditional Ulama in Indonesia: The state, Umma and Nahdlatul Ulama. Asian Journal of Social Science, 42(5), 536–560. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04205004
Dhofier, Z. (1994). Tradisi Pesantren: Studi Pandangan Hidup Kyai dan Visinya Mengenai Masa Depan Indonesia. LP3ES.
Fahmi, I. (2019). Arah Baru Kepemimpinan Organisasi Masyarakat Perguruan Islam Mathla’ul Anwar Dalam Menjawab Tantangan Era Revolusi Industri 4.0. Jurnal Wahana Karya Ilmiah, 3(2), 400–404. https://journal.unsika.ac.id/index.php/pendidikan/article/view/3164
Farih, A. (2016). Nahdlatul Ulama (Nu) dan Kontribusinya dalam Memperjuangkan Kemerdekaan dan Mempertahankan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (Nkri). Walisongo: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan, 24(2), 251–284. https://doi.org/10.21580/ws.24.2.969
Fealy, G., & Barton, G. (1996). Nahdlatul Ulama, Traditional Islam, and Modernity in Indonesia. Monash Asia Institute.
Federspiel, H. M. (1970). The Muhammadijah: A Study of an Orthodox Islamic Movement in Indonesia. Indonesia, 10, 57–79. https://doi.org/10.2307/3350635
Federspiel, H. M. (2001). Islam and Ideology in the Emerging Indonesian State: The Persatuan Islam (PERSIS) 1923 to 1957. Brill.
Feener, R. M. (2007). Muslim Legal Thought in Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press.
Fitri, R. N. (2021). Relasi Intelektual Minangkabau Dengan Mesir Awal Abad XX. Thaqafiyyat?: Jurnal Bahasa, Peradaban Dan Informasi Islam, 20(1), 82–105. https://doi.org/10.14421/thaq.2021.20105
Fountain, P., Bush, R., & Feener, R. M. (2015). Religion and the Politics of Development. Palgrave Macmillan.
George, M. W. (2008). The Elements of Library Research: What Every Student Needs to Know. Princeton University Press. https://archive.org/details/elementsoflibrar0000geor_n5m5/page/n7/mode/2up
Ghofur, A. (2012). Kebangkitan Islam Di Indonesia (Tela’ah Tentang Munculnya Ormas Islam Awal Abad 20 M). Toleransi, 4(2), 115–131. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/trs.v4i2.945
Hafni, A. M. (2006). Ensiklopedia: Golongan, Kelompok, Aliran, Mazhab, Partai, dan Gerakan Islam. Grafindo.
Hamka. (1958). Pengaruh Muhammad ’Abduh Di Indonesia. Tintamas Djakarta.
Harahap, S., & Nasution, H. B. (2003). Ensiklopedi Aqidah Islam (S. Harahap & H. B. Nasution (eds.); I). KENCANA.
Hasyim, A. W., & Haryono, P. (2019). Jamiat Kheir dan Al-Irsyad: Kajian Komunitas Arab dalam Modernisasi Pendidikan Islam Awal Abad XX di Jakarta. Buletin Al-Turas, 25(2), 163–176. https://doi.org/10.15408/bat.v25i2.12798
Hayati, N. R. (2018). Kiprah Ormas Islam di Bidang Pendidikan. Al-Ghazali, 1(1), 133–144. https://www.ejournal.stainupwr.ac.id/index.php/al_ghzali/article/view/64
Hefner, R. W. (2011). The New Cambridge History of Islam: Muslims and Modernity Culture and Society Since 1800. In R. W. Hefner (Ed.), The New Cambridge History of Islam: Muslims and Modernity Culture and Society Since 1800 (Vol. 6). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521844437
Hernawan, W. (2014). Abdul Halim and His Movement (1911-1962) Seeking Historical Roots of Persatuan Ummat Islam (PUI) Movement. International Journal of Nusantara Islam, 2(1), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.15575/ijni.v2i1.47
Hernawan, W. (2020). Teologi K.H. Abdul Halim: Ikhtiar Melacak Akar-akar Pemikiran Teologi Persatuan Ummat Islam (PUI). LP2M UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung.
Homba, C. V., & Dawa, W. (2015). Kontestasi Ideologi Dalam Cerpen Boikot Karya Putu Wijaya: Sebuah Kajian Menggunakan Teori Hegemoni Gramsci. Sintesis, 9(2), 83—92. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24071/sin.v9i2.916
Hosen, N. (2004). Nahdlatul Ulama and Collective Ijtihad. New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, 6(1), 5–26. https://www.nzasia.org.nz/uploads/1/3/2/1/132180707/6_1_2.pdf
Hugronje, S. (1939). Koloniaal Tijdschrift. Aflevering. https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB30:164543002:pdf
Husda, H. (2019). Rekonstruksi Sejarah Kebangkitan Nasional. Jurnal Adabiya, 21(2), 31–45. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/adabiya.v21i2.6609
Kersten, C. (2018). Berebut Wacana (A. F. Rustandi & A. Baiquni (eds.); M. I. Rafsadie (trans.)). Mizan.
Lewis, J. R., & Hammer, O. (2021). Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion.
Lukman, F. (2022). The Official Indonesian Qur??n Translation: The History and Politics of Al-Qur’an dan Terjemahnya. UK: Open Book Publishers. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0289
M, A. A., & Sulaeman, A. (2019). Perkembangan Persatuan Ummat Islam (PUI) di Cianjur Tahun 1935-2014. Historia Madania: Jurnal Ilmu Sejarah, 3(2), 183–200. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15575/hm.v3i2.9175
Mohammad, H. (2008). Tokoh-tokoh Islam Yang Berpengaruh Abad 20 (II). Gema Insani.
Najib, M. A., & Fata, A. K. (2020). Islam Wasatiyah dan Kontestasi Wacana Moderatisme Islam di Indonesia. Jurnal THEOLOGIA, 31(1), 115–138. https://doi.org/10.21580/teo.2020.31.1.5764
Noer, D. (1990). Gerakan Modern Islam di Indonesia 1900-1942 (V). LP3ES.
Palmier, L. H. (1954). Modern Islam in Indonesia: The Muhammadiyah After Independence. Pacific Affairs, 27(3), 255–263. http://www.jstor.com/stable/2753021
Palmier, L. H. (1957). Sukarno, the Nationalist. Pacific Affairs, 30(2), 101–119. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/2752683
Peacock, J. L. (1986a). Gerakan Muhammadiyah Memurnikan Ajaran Islam Di Indonesia (Staf Ahli Cipta Kreatif (trans.)). Cipta Kreatif.
Peacock, J. L. (1986b). The Anthropological Lens: Harsh Light, Soft Focus. Cambridge University Press.
Pramindyaswari, E. G. (2017). Gerakan Wanita Syarikat Islam Di Indonesia Tahun 1936-1942. Ilmu Sejarah, 2(1), 135–148. https://journal.student.uny.ac.id/index.php/ilmu-sejarah/article/view/8782
Raharjo, H. (2019). Metamorfosis Sarekat Islam (I). Media Pressindo.
Ropi, I. (2010). Islamism, Government Regulation, And The Ahmadiyah Controversies In Indonesia. Al-Jami‘Ah, 48(2), 281–320. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2010.482.281-320
Rosowulan, T. (2023). Berkenalan Dengan Humanisme Religius Buya Hamka. STAI Syubbanul Wathon.
Satria, R. (2019). Dari Surau ke Madrasah?: Modernisasi Pendidikan Islam Di Minangkabau 1900-1930 M. TADRIS: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 14(2), 277–288. https://doi.org/10.19105/tjpi.v14i2.2860
Spat, C. (1925). De Isla?m en Zijn Beteekenis Voor Nederlandsch-Indie?. De Koninklijke Militaire Academie. https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB02:000124389:00005
Subekti, V. S. (2014). Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia: Konstestasi Politik hingga Konflik Kekuasaan Elite. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
Suradi, A. (2022). The Social, Political, and Cultural Perspective of Islamic Education in Palembang Malay: A Continuous Evaluation from the Dutch Colonial Period to Today. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 9(3), 56–71. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/1200
Toni, H. (2020). Dakwah Syarikat Islam Dan Kontribusinya Dalam Masyarakat Indonesia. Anida (Aktualisasi Nuansa Ilmu Dakwah), 20(2), 221–238. https://doi.org/10.15575/anida.v20i2.10602
Utami, W. W., & Darmaiza, D. (2020). Hate Speech, Agama, dan Kontestasi Politik di Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Religion and Society, 2(2), 113–128. https://doi.org/10.36256/ijrs.v2i2.108
Wardiono, G., Sugiarto, B., & Rofik, A. (2020). Gerakan Syarikat Islam Kembali Ke Khittah Tahun 1905. Jurnal Politik Profetik, 8(2), 218–239. https://doi.org/10.24252/profetik.v8i2a2
Wiener, A. (2014). A Theory of Contestation. Springer.
Wijaya, R. (2022). Pemaknaan Huruf-Huruf muqathth a’ah dalam Al- qur’an (Telaah Penafsiran Maulana Muhammad ali). Pappasang, 4(2), 31–42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.46870/jiat.v4i2.259
Wijaya, R. (2023). Maulana Muhammad Ali’s Interpretation Of The Story Of Isa/Jesus. Proceeding of Conference on Strengthening Islamic Studies in The Digital Era, 104–123. https://prosiding.iainponorogo.ac.id/index.php/ficosis/article/view/869
Yunanto, S. (2018). Islam Moderat Versus Islam Radikal: Dinamika Politik Islam Kontemporer. Media Pressindo.
Zuhairini. (1986). Sejarah Pendidikan Islam. Direktorat Jendral Pendidikan Kelembagaan Agama Islam.