PERSIA DI BAWAH DINASTI QAJAR DALAM PEMERINTAHAN NASHIRUDDIN SHAH PADA TAHUN 1848-1857
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Abstract
Abstrak
Nashiruddin Shah merupakan penguasa keempat dari Dinasti Qajar yang memerintah Persia (sekarang Iran) selama 48 tahun yakni dari 1848 hingga 1896. Melalui metode penelitian sejarah dengan langkah-langkahnya yakni heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan penyajian berbentuk historiografi, penelitian ini berusaha mengungkap peristiwa-peristiwa penting yang terjadi di Persia dalam rentang waktu kekuasaannya hingga tahun 1857. Hasil riset ini menemukan sejumlah kejadian yang tergolong krusial di masa itu yakni terbunuhnya tokoh reformis Perdana Menteri Amir Kabir karena usahanya dalam memberangus korupsi, meskipun ia sangat berperan dalam menjamin Nashiruddin naik takhta dan reformasi kemiliterannya membuat Qajar berhasil menundukkan pemberontakan Salar (1851) dan kerusuhan Babiyah (1852). Bagaimanapun, akibat intervensi Inggris, Persia juga harus menanggung kehilangan klaimnya atas wilayah Afghanistan, pendudukan Inggris atas Bushehr hingga tahun 1913, dan melepaskan Khorramshahr / Mohammerah yang lalu berdiri sebagai wilayah otonomi independen. Kurun waktu tersebut (1848-1857) relatif memengaruhi corak kebijakan Nashiruddin untuk masa-masa berikutnya yang tetap dipengaruhi isu-isu reformasi internal, gerakan perlawanan rakyat, dan intervensi asing.
Kata Kunci: Dinasti Qajar, Nashiruddin Shah, Persia
Abstract
Nashiruddin Shah was the fourth ruler of Qajar Dynasty who ruled Persia (Iran in present times) for 48 years since 1848 until 1896. Historical research method is deployed through its steps such as heuristic, critics, interpretation, and historiography, due to reveal important occurances in Persia during his reign until the year of 1857. The research proves some important events which are considered as crucial, in example was assassination of the first Nashiruddin’s Prime Minister, a reformist named Amir Kabir caused by his action to eradicate corruption problem, even though he had big role in Nashiruddin ascension to the throne, and Amir’s military reforms had an impact on the defeats of Salar Rebellion (1851) and Babis Riots (1852). However caused by British intervention, Persia had to lose her claim over Afghanistan’s region, occupation of Bushehr by British until 1913, and surrendered Khorramshahr / Mohammerah which later proclaimed as an independent autonomous region. These years (1848-1857) would relatively determine the pattern of his policies in following years that full of some issues such as internal reforms, civil resistance movements, and foreign interventions.
Keywords: Qajar Dynasty, Nashiruddin Shah, Persia
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