Political Commissive Speech Act on Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Speech towards Wire-Tapping

This study focuses on Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's speech, the President of Indonesia from 2004 – 2014, who gave a speech about wire-tapping. This research project chooses this speech because, in recent days, wire-tapping, which Australia does, is famous. Moreover, the president at that time, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, was one of the wire-tapped victims. It was hot news for Indonesian at that time. On November 2013, SBY gave a speech about his action regarding this wiretapping. Thus, this paper analyzes the commissive speech act and its function. To explain the text clearly, a pragmatic analysis will be employed. This approach is used because the study intends to see the function of commissive speech acts beyond the text; therefore, some information will be scientifically proved regarding the act and its functions. This analysis is based on (Searle, 1969). The result of the study is expected to reveal the aforementioned intended information.

Some scholars have conducted the study of the speech act analysis. One is a study done by Husain et al. (2020). This paper investigates the role of speech acts in the presidential election debate. The conclusion showed that the candidates mostly used the promising act in producing utterances. It means that the function of producing utterances in this study is to show the candidates' capability to gain consideration of society to vote for one of them with good sympathy. Then, Al-Bantany (2013) examines the use of commissive speech acts in the Banten gubernatorial candidate debate and the realization of politeness in the use of the speech acts. The study showed that commissive speech acts were mainly realized through guarantee.
Adopting a pragmatic approach to the analytical process, this study focuses on the Commissive Speech Acts of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's Speech for wire-tapping. The relations between Indonesia and Australia have cooled considerably after it became known that Australia's Intelligence Service agency tried to follow telephone conversations of various high-positioned Indonesian politicians as well as their inner circle, including President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, his wife Kristiani Herawati, and vice-president Boediono, for 15 days in August 2009. This is what makes the basis for the authors to conduct this research. What will the relationship between Indonesia and Australia look like after this incident? Due to the scandal, various Indonesian ministers called for a review of relations between the two countries and summoned the Australian ambassador for questioning.

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The researchers examined the sorts of commissive speech acts provided by Searle (1969). However, in comparison to two earlier studies, the current study analyzed a different data source. The many types of commissive speech actions, including promises, denials, threats, acceptances, and offers, are examined in this research. As stated in the paragraph above, the purpose of this article is to evaluate and investigate the functions of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's speech on wiretapping. The writers picked this speech since Australia's wiretapping has just come to light. Moreover, the president at that time was a victim of wiretapping. At the time, it was breaking news in Indonesia because the first person in Indonesia and his wife were victims of the unpleasant deed caused by a country with a good relationship with Indonesia. No one thought that a relationship that looked fine had an action that worsened the relationship. The pieces mentioned earlier of information make the authors interested in analyzing the response of Indonesia through its president's speech. This fascinating topic allows us to observe how people express their emotions through speech. The public can determine, however, the perspective of the leaders of states whose countries are sovereign once their country's sovereignty is disturbed by different countries. So from this research, at least, the general public can grasp that a state may also take a firm stance through its president if another country violates that country's sovereignty. Thus, what Indonesia will do next following this incident will be observed through its president's actions and statements. When someone says something with a particular intonation, it can convey another meaning (Al-Bantany, 2013).
This study is noteworthy in two respects. The first is essential conceptually because it advances our understanding of pragmatics and supports the idea of commissive speech acts. The scientific community benefited from this work. Help with a study of society's use of the commissive speaking act, in particular. The second is more relevant in practice; it is vital for the researcher to gain more knowledge and experience in the pragmatic domain, especially regarding persuasive speech acts in daily life. It is also crucial for the researcher to communicate in society, be free to express ideas, and accurately interpret other people's utterances. The results of this study are intended to be a resource for readers interested in discovering more about the many configurations and purposes of commissive speech actions in speech.

Pragmatic Theory
Communication can run swimmingly if the speaker and interlocutor carry out their roles, each vocalization created a which means that has relation between context and intention. Hence, there are many misunderstandings between the speaker and the interlocutor due to the dearth of information to interpret meaning. Linguistics may be a branch of linguistics that studies; however, linguistic units are communicated to reveal the background of a speech. Linguistics describes the study of the language used in context, and pragmatics is half of the literature on the use of language suitably (Abduljaleel & Alattar, 2021). Pragmatics is the study of how the context contributes, which means the core description of linguistics are presupposition, indexicality, implicature, and speech act. However, there is no limit to that context ready to influence the meaning (Gea, 2020).
The study of language in communication, particularly the relationship between sentences and the contexts and situations in which they are used, is defined as pragmatic. According to Yule (1996), the study of meaning as delivered by a speaker (or writer) and perceived by a listener is the focus of pragmatics. It required interpreting what individuals meant in a particular setting and situation, which altered the meaning. In other words, how people understand what they say is influenced by context. In line with Yule, Husain et al.(2020) said that pragmatics is linguistics studies that attempt to obtain the real purpose ultimately by considering the context and the situation of the utterances. Yule (1996) defines pragmatics is sometimes defined as the study of the link between language forms and their users. According to Levinson in Winda (2014), pragmatics is the study of those relationships between language and context that are grammaticalized or stored in language structure. Grammaticalized indicates that humans require not just grammatical characteristics of speaking such as lexicon, morphology, syntax, and phonology in a language, but also the capacity to link all of those qualities to context, as complicated events (Oatey, 2000).

Speech Acts
Austin in Winda (2014) states that The act of speaking can be analyzed at three levels: illocutionary act, the performance of an utterance: actual speech, and its apparent meaning, including phonetic, phonetic, and phonological actions. The sound corresponds to the verbal, syntactic, and semantic aspects of any meaningful statement; an illocutionary act: the semantic 'illocutionary force' of the utterance, thus it is accurate, intended meaning; and in some instances, a further perlocutionary act: its actual effect, such as persuading, convincing, scaring them, enlightening, inspiring, or otherwise getting someone to do or achieve something, whether intentional or not (Qadir & Riloff, 2011).
According to Yule (1996), speaking is an action performed by producing speech appropriate to the context. The statement will include three related acts. They are:

Locutionary Act
Locutionary Act is the act of saying something, also sometimes called a statement. Thus a locutionary act is the same as a locutionary utterance.

Illocutionary Act
An Illocutionary Act is an action performed by the utterance. Asking and answering questions, providing information, or making an appointment are reckless behaviors that refer to the fact that when we say something, we often have a goal in mind. Mey (2009) asserts that Illocutionary acts are the speaker's intention to produce an utterance, such as accusing, apologizing, blaming, congratulating, giving, joking, refusing, promising, and thanking. Searle (1969) classified speech acts into the following macro-classes. The types are as follows: a. A representative is a speech act that commits the speaker to the truth of the uttered sentence, e.g., reciting s creed.
b. Directives are speech acts intended to elicit a particular behavior from the listener, e.g., requests, commands, and advice. c. A commissive is a speech acts that commit the speaker to future actions, e.g., promises and oaths.
d. Declarative actions of speech alter reality to support the thesis of the statement, e.g., baptisms, pronouncing someone guilty, or pronouncing someone husband and wife.
e. Expressive speech acts convey the speaker's feelings and attitudes about the proposal, e.g., congratulations, excuses, and thanks.

Perlocutionary Act
The perlocutionary act is an effect that is appeared by the speech in the ear based on the situation and condition when the sentences are said. It can be called "the act of affecting someone." (Austin, 1962) said that a "perlocutionary act is the effect that is made by speech something." A speech that the speaker says has an influence or effect on the hearer. The speech's effect or influence may be intentionally created by the speaker.

Commissive
Searle in Winda (2014) divides the various speech acts into five categories. The commissive kind is one of those. Commissive speech acts are those that a speaker uses to commit to future action. They convey the speaker's intention. They are promises, threats, refusals, and pledges and can be performed by the speaker alone.
When people use commissive, they may say their speech using the performative verb such as promise, guarantee, swear, or vow. Performative verbs are the verbs showing the type of speech acts explicitly. There are some types of commissive, namely: 1. Promise: A statement telling someone they will or will not do something. (Searle, 2013) proposes five requirements for giving an effective pledge speech. That is, the speaker must have the intention to carry out what he has promised, the speaker must believe that the action is in the best interest of the listener, and the speaker must believe that the action can be carried out. Future predictive behavior that the speaker must believe can act, and the speaker must predict the action himself.
2. Guarantee: A organization commissive that you may do something will show up. It is a pledge that something will show up or that something is true. The diploma of confirmation of the speech act makes an assurance distinctive from a promise.
3. Refusal: Means refusing to do, give or accept something. It is the act of refusing; or denying anything demanded, solicited, or offered for acceptance.
4. Threat: A declaration of intent to harm or punish someone. If the listener refuses to follow the speaker's order, it implies intimidating them. When a speaker thinks they have a higher authority than the listener or addressee and uses their words to frighten them, they are typically motivated by hatred and mistrust of them. This act is recognized as autonomous because there was no obligation present. Menacing cannot be done verbally; instead, it must be done by making threatening gestures at the target. (Desica & Ambalegin, 2021). Prabowo: "If there is a member of Gerindra who corrupts, I will put him in prison by myself." (Husain et al., 2020).
5. Volunteer: A voluntary offer to perform a task without being coerced or compensated. It is of one's own free will to do or provide a service. It is to freely provide or offer without being requested or under any obligation.
6. Offer: is to express a willingness to help someone or to give them something. A statement of intent to enter into a contract on certain conditions is made with the understanding that it will become enforceable upon acceptance by the recipient.

Methodology
This analysis was done by using descriptive qualitative. According to Creswell (2009), the descriptive study aims to provide reliable information on current happenings. In addition, Winda (2021) states that qualitative research explores and understands the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem. Descriptive research is used in the literal sense of describing situations or events. This study employs document analysis research. This document analysis has three characteristics: the research is conducted towards documented information in the forms of recordings, pictures, etc., and documents as the primary source. Generally, qualitative research produces descriptive data in written form.
Descriptive research is frequently utilized in academic studies to learn more about the state of the world. This indicates that the descriptive approach is a research methodology that makes use of data searching, classification, and analysis techniques.
The data source in this research is the speech by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. This speech is about phone wire-tapping, which Australian does to Indonesia. President of Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, is one of the victims in this case. The speech is about wire-tapping entitled Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's Speech towards Wire-Tapping which was taken on November 20 th, 2013, and was published by theguardian.com.
To analyze the data, the researchers used the method of pragmatic identity by Sudaryanto (2015). The utterances from the movie were analyzed and used pragmatic competence -in equalizing technique (Syafitri, 2019) to equalize the data based on types of commissive speech acts by Searle (1979). First, the researchers started to analyze by reviewing the collected utterances. Next, researchers classified them into the theory suggested. Finally, the analyzed data of utterances were drawn to a conclusion.

Finding and Discussion
This section concerns the commissive speech acts used by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, who expressed his feelings through utterances in his speech about wiretapping. Data analysis indicates that there are 26 commissive speech acts. From the data, the writer finds six commissive speech acts, and they are presented in Table 1.

Types of Commissive Speech Acts
All types of commissive analyzed through Searle (1969) are evidenced in the data.

Promise
The term promise means the characters have intentions to do a future action. Promise is telling somebody that the character will do or not do something that will happen. From the data, eight utterances were classified into commissive of promise.
Data 2: Our reaction will determine the future of the relationship

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The utterance above is identified as commissive of promise because the modal "will" shows the speaker intends to do a future action. It shows that Indonesians give a promise to Australia that Indonesia will make a reaction that determines the future relationship.
Data 7: I can't talk about them over the phone The modal "can't" shows the future action of the speaker. The speaker intends to speak directly, so he promises not to speak over the telephone.
Data 8: I will call the ministers to see me The utterance above is identified as commissive of promise because the modal "will" shows the speaker intends to do a future action. The speaker (president) promises to call the ministers to see him because he wants to talk with the ministers directly.

Data 14: Tonight, I will send an official letter to Tony Abbott
The utterance above is identified as commissive of promise because the modal "will" shows the speaker intends to do a future action. The future action from that utterance is that the president will send an official letter to Tony Abbott.

Data 16: Over the next few days, Indonesia will wait for an explanation from Australia
The above statements fall into the commissive of promise because there is consist modal "will," which symbolizes promising and shows the future action of the speaker. The speaker promised to wait for an Australia's explanation.

Data 19: It will be held off
The word "will" shows that the function of the utterance is promised. The speaker will take future action for Australia. That is, information sharing, and intelligence exchange will be held off.
Data 21: This overwhelming issue for Indonesia and Australia will be held off.
The above statements fall into the commissive of promise because there is consist modal "will," which is a symbol of promise and shows the future action of the speaker. It is a promise from the president to hold off on the relationship.

Data 24: Our good relationship will continue after this problem is resolved
The word 'will' indicates that the function of the utterance is to produce a promise. The speaker will take future action. The speaker promises to continue their relationship after this problem is resolved.

Volunteer
A volunteer is defined as an intention of a speaker to do something without force and intimidation from others. There are two utterances found in this speech.

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Data 3: The relationship between the two governments has been going well. When disasters occurred in Indonesia, Australia responded swiftly with assistance.
The utterance above is identified as commissive of a volunteer. Australia helped Indonesia when disasters occurred in Indonesia without payment. Thus, it can be considered a commissive of volunteers.

Data 25: I know Australia respects Indonesia's sovereignty, which is the most important basis for cooperation
The above statements fall into the commissive of volunteer. Because as we see, the above utterance shows that Australia respects Indonesia, and it happens without any force.

Guarantee
The term guarantee means a firm promise that the character will do something or is sure about something. Therefore, what makes a guarantee different from a promise is the degree of affirmation of the speech act. The researchers found only one utterance classified as a volunteer in this speech.

Data 13: And if Australia wants to maintain good relations with Indonesia, tonight, I will send an official letter to Tony Abbott
The utterance above is identified as commissive of guarantee. The speaker guarantees that the speaker will say it is accurate and will send an official letter to Australia. Although the speaker does not use the performative verb 'guarantee", his speech act can be categorized as a guarantee based on the degree of the affirmation of something.

Threat
The term threat in the Oxford Dictionary is the act of saying intimidation of the hearer in which there is an intention to hurt the hearer. There are seven utterances found in this speech.
Data 1: We can't be emotional; we must remain rational.
The utterance above includes commissive of threat because the speaker intends to intimidate the hearer. The speaker intimidates the hearer not to be emotional and must be rational.
Data 10: I am expecting an official statement and stance from the Australian Government.
From the above statement, we can conclude that it includes a commissive threat because the speaker gives intimidation for Australia that he expects the statement from the Australian government.

Data 11: We really want an explanation Widianingsih & Pratama 271
The word "really" shows that it is an intimidation explanation threatening from the speaker-the speaker threats the explanation from Australia.

Data 12: We also want to know what measures Australia is going to take on the tapping issue
The utterance above includes commissive of threat because the speaker intends to intimidate Australia about the tapping issue.
Data 17: Some cooperation agendas are being reviewed.
In the above utterance, we can see that it includes commissive of threat. Its utterance aims to threaten Australia that some cooperation agendas are being reviewed.
Data 18: We are holding off on the following co-operations.
The above statement includes commissive of threat. The speaker intimidates Australia that he will hold following cooperation with Australia.
Data 20: Joint military training is to be held off.
The above statement includes commissive of threat. The speaker intimidates Australia that joint military training for the army and navy force will be held off. The speaker threats Australia.

Offer
Offer means that the speaker is willing to do something for or give something to the hearer. There are four utterances found as commissive of an offer in this speech.
Data 6: Why were the friend and partner-not enemy-tapped?
The above statement includes a commissive offer because the speaker wants Australia not make a phone wire-tapping to Indonesia. So, he offers Australia to make tapping the enemy.
Data 15: There are three things Indonesia is going to do The above statement includes commissive of the offer. The speaker offers three things that Indonesia is going to do to Australia.

Data 23: Indonesia requests a code of conduct and guidance principles that are binding
The above statement includes commissive of the offer. The speaker gives an offering to Australia. The speaker asks that offering to Australia.
Data 26: Indonesia and Australia have a duty and obligation to resolve this problem.
The above statement includes commissive of the offer. The speaker gives an offering for Australia to resolve this problem. Thus, the speaker offers to resolve the problem because he knows that Indonesia and Australia can resolve this problem.

Refusal
Refusal means saying or showing a character's intention not to do, give, or accept something. In this speech, four utterances include into commissive of refusal.
Data 4: I find it personally hard to comprehend why the tapping was done.
The above statement includes commissive refusal because the speaker shows a character's intention not to be easy to comprehend why the wire-tapping was done.
Data 5: Indonesia and Australia are not in the position of being against each other or fighting.
The above statement includes commissive of refusal. The speaker denies that Indonesia and Australia are in a position of being against each other.

Data 9: I do not understand why it had to happen
The above statement includes commissive of the offer. The speaker refuses that he understands and knows about the wire-tapping.
Data 22: We cannot possibly continue with it when we are not sure that there isn't tapping.
The above statement includes commissive of refusal. The speaker will only continue the relationship between Indonesia and Australia once the problem is resolved. The complete result of commissive speech act types is displayed in figure 1.

The Functions of Commissive Speech Acts
Commissive speech acts have various functions. Each type has a particular function. The functions of the commissive speech act can be to repair relationships and express the speaker's beliefs, dislike, anger, etc. (Gea, 2020). The analysis of commissive speech acts' functions will be explained below: The speaker performs this function because the speaker feels guilty or wants to make a better relationship from the mistake that the speaker or hearer makes. In this study, there are 2 data that have this function. An example of this function is: Data 8: "Our good relationship will continue after this problem is resolved." The function is repairing and maintaining relationships. In his speech, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono promises that a good relationship between Indonesia and Australia will continue after this problem is resolved.

b. Showing Loyalty
Five data have this function. An example of this function is: Data 3: "I will call the ministers to see me." The function is showing loyalty. The speaker performs it because the speaker is concerned about the hearer. Therefore, the speaker, via his utterance, performed to show loyalty. It is shown in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's utterance. He promises that he will call ministers to see him. It means that he shows his loyalty to the citizen and need the minister's loyalty to see him.

c. Showing care
There is only 1 data that shows this function. Here is the explanation: Data 5: "Over the next few days Indonesia will wait for an explanation from Australia." The function is showing care. The speaker performs it because although Australia has done something wrong to Indonesia, Indonesia still cares about its relationship with Australia.

Volunteer
a. Expressing the belief and conviction of the speaker about something.
Two data show this function. Here is an example of this function: Data 9: "The relationship between the two governments has been going well. When disasters occurred in Indonesia, Australia responded swiftly with assistance." The function is expressing the belief and conviction of the speaker about something. It is performed because the speaker, via his utterance, wants to show his belief and conviction about Australia's goodness to Indonesia.

Guarantee
a. Getting sympathy from the hearer It is only one data that includes in this function.
Data 11: "And if Australia wants to maintain good relations with Indonesia, tonight I will send an official letter to Tony Abbott." The function is showing care. It is performed by the speaker because the speaker concerns about the hearer's sympathy.

Threat
a. Expressing the negative feeling and anger of the speakers to the hearers.
Six data show this function. Here is an example of this function: Data 17:" we are holding off the following co-operations." The function is to express the negative feeling and anger of the speakers in Australia. The speaker performs it because the speaker feels that the addressee has made him angry. Therefore, the speaker, via utterance, threatens the addressee to express his negative feelings and anger. b. They are intimidating the hearers as a form of the speakers' intention to show their higher power and status.
There is only 1 data that shows this function. Here is the explanation : Data 12: "We can't be emotional, I must remain rational." This function intimidates the hearers as a form of the speakers' intention to show higher power and status. The speaker performs it because he wants to make the addressee obey him. The speaker wants to show the addressee that he has higher power and status.

Offer
a. Repairing and maintaining the relationship with the hearer There are 3 data that show this function. This is an example :

Data 22: "Indonesia and Australia have a duty and obligation to resolve this problem."
This function is repairing and maintaining the relationship with the hearer. It is performed by the speaker to make the relationship between Indonesia and Australia better because the hearer knows that Indonesia and Australia have a duty and obligation to resolve the problem.

Refusal
Showing dislike and distrust of the hearers There are 3 data that show this function. Here is an example of this function : Data 25: "I don't understand why it had to happen."

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This function shows the dislike and distrust of the hearers. The speaker performs it because the speaker dislikes and distrusts what the hearers do. The speaker needs to understand why Australia did wiretapping Indonesia.
There are 26 commisive words with various functions towards the end of the speech. The most common commissive speech act promises, which serves three purposes: mending and sustaining relationships, demonstrating devotion, and demonstrating caring. The president tends to improve ties between Australia and Indonesia. He managed to ensure that Australia still had a chance to maintain positive relations with Indonesia once the issues had been handled. Additionally, the speaker demonstrates his allegiance to the citizen. He had to convene the ministers to start a dialogue about the issue in order to ensure that even the relationship with Australia would remain positive. The speaker will demonstrate to the audience that, as the leader of Indonesia, he showed good loyalty in resolving the issue.

Conclusions
The conclusion is made based on data analysis. It is shown to answer the research questions, which are types of commissive speech acts and the functions of commissive speech act used by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in his speech about wire-tapping. According to Searle (1969), there are six types of Commissive speech acts; promise, guarantee, refusal, threat, volunteer, and offer.
Commissive of promise has the highest frequency in this speech. It reaches 8 frequencies (30,8%). Moreover, the second highest position is commissive of threat, reaching 7 frequency data (27%). Additionally, we can find two same frequencies from commissive of refusal and offer, which reaches 4 data (15,4%). It is followed by commissive of volunteers, reaching 2 data (7,7%). Moreover, the lowest type is commissive of guarantee, with 1 data (3,7%). Each type has functions: a. Promises and offers are expressed to maintain and repair the relationship. The speakers also use promises to show the hearers loyalty, love, and care.
b. Guarantee and Volunteer are expressed to get sympathy from the hearer and express the speaker's belief and conviction about something.
c. Refusals are expressed to show the dislike and distrust of the speakers to the hearers.
d. Threats are uttered to express the negative feeling and anger of the speakers to the hearers and intimidate the hearers as a form of the speakers' intention to show the higher power and status.
Finally, the speech has 26 commissive items with different functions. The most frequent demeaning speech act promises have three functions: repairing and maintaining relationships, showing loyalty, and showing compassion. The president tends to make Indonesia-Australia relations better. He tried to ensure Australia had a chance to maintain good relations with Indonesia even after the issue was resolved. Additionally, the speaker demonstrates loyalty to the citizenry. He also confirmed good relations with Australia and had to call ministers to discuss the matter. The speaker, Indonesia's leader, would prove to the public that there was loyalty to solving the problem.