Criminalization of Cohabitants in Indonesia: An Attempt at a Compromise Between Positive Law and Islamic Law
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35961/teraju.v8i01.2800Keywords:
Criminalization, Cohabitation, Criminal Code, Islamic Law, Right to PrivacyAbstract
The phenomenon of cohabitation in Indonesia is becoming increasingly prevalent, in line with social changes in modern society, which tends to be more open to relationships outside marriage. This situation raises legal issues concerning the boundaries between the private sphere of the individual and the state’s authority to regulate public morality. Under the provisions of the Criminal Code (Law No. 1 of 2023), cohabitation is classified as an offense punishable under certain conditions, thereby sparking debate within society. This study employs a normative legal methodology using both a legislative and a conceptual approach. The data sources consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials analyzed qualitatively. The issues addressed in this study include how the criminalization of cohabitation is regulated under Indonesian positive law. Furthermore, this study examines the perspective of Islamic law on cohabitation. Another issue is why there is debate regarding the criminalization of cohabitation in Indonesia. The research findings indicate that the criminalization of cohabitation under Indonesian positive law is regulated as a complaint-based offense, limiting law enforcement to specific parties. From an Islamic law perspective, cohabitation is a prohibited act as it falls under the category of zina, which contradicts the principles of Sharia. The debate arises due to a conflict between moral and religious values and the principles of privacy rights and individual freedom within the modern legal system.
References
Abu Zahrah, Muhammad. Al-Ahwal al-Syakhshiyyah. Cairo: Dar al-Fikr al-Arabi, 1957.
Abu Zahrah, Muhammad. Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence. Cairo: Dar al-Fikr al-Arabi, 1958.
Al-Ghazali. The Essentials of Usul al-Fiqh. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 1993.
Al-Nabhani, Taqiyuddin. The Islamic Personality. Beirut: Dar al-Ummah, 2001.
Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf. The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam. Cairo: Al-Falah Foundation, 1994.
Al-Raisuni, Ahmad. The Theory of Maqasid According to Imam al-Shatibi. Cairo: Dar al-Kalimah, 1995.
Al-Shatibi, Abu Ishaq. Al-Muwafaqat fi Usul al-Shariah. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 2003.
Al-Zuhaili, Wahbah. Islamic Jurisprudence and Its Evidence. Damascus: Dar al-Fikr, 1985.
Arief, Barda Nawawi. A Collection of Criminal Law Policies. Jakarta: Kencana, 2010.
Ashworth, Andrew. Principles of Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Asshiddiqie, Jimly. Introduction to Constitutional Law. Jakarta: Rajawali Press, 2010.
Auda, Jasser. Maqasid al-Shariah as Philosophy of Islamic Law. London: IIIT, 2008.
Bentham, Jeremy. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.
Berlin, Isaiah. Two Concepts of Liberty. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969.
Chazawi, Adami. Lessons in Criminal Law. Jakarta: RajaGrafindo Persada, 2011.
Coulson, Noel J. A History of Islamic Law. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1964.
Devlin, Patrick. The Enforcement of Morals. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965.
Donnelly, Jack. Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003.
Dworkin, Ronald. Taking Rights Seriously. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977.
Dworkin, Ronald. *Freedom’s Law*. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996.
Emerson, Thomas I. The System of Freedom of Expression. New York: Random House, 1970.
Feinberg, Joel. The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.
Fuller, Lon L. The Morality of Law. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1969.
George, Robert P. Making Men Moral. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Hallaq, Wael B. An Introduction to Islamic Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Hamzah, Andi. Principles of Criminal Law. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2014.
Hart, H.L.A. Law, Liberty, and Morality. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1963.
Hiariej, Eddy O.S. Principles of Criminal Law. Yogyakarta: Cahaya Atma Pustaka, 2016.
Huda, Chairul. No Crime Without Guilt. Jakarta: Kencana, 2006.
Husak, Douglas. Overcriminalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Ibn Ashur. The Objectives of Islamic Sharia. Tunisia: Dar al-Salam, 2006.
Ibn Qudamah. Al-Mughni. Riyadh: Dar Alam al-Kutub, 1997.
Jackson, R.M. The Machinery of Justice in England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 2003.
Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. Shari’ah Law: An Introduction. Oxford: Oneworld, 2008.
Kelsen, Hans. Pure Theory of Law. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.
Khallaf, Abdul Wahhab. *Ilm Usul al-Fiqh*. Cairo: Dar al-Qalam, 1978.
Lacey, Nicola. State Punishment. London: Routledge, 1988.
Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty. London: Penguin Books, 1985.
Moeljatno. Principles of Criminal Law. Jakarta: Bina Aksara, 2008.
Muladi. Selected Topics in the Criminal Justice System. Semarang: UNDIP Press, 2002.
Packer, Herbert L. The Limits of the Criminal Sanction. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1968.
Prasetyo, Teguh. Criminal Law. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2015.
Purwoleksono, Didik Endro. Criminal Law. Surabaya: Airlangga University Press, 2014.
Rahardjo, Satjipto. Legal Science. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti, 2006.
Rahman, Fazlur. Islam and Modernity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
Raz, Joseph. The Authority of Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979.
Saleh, Roeslan. Criminal Acts and Criminal Liability. Jakarta: Aksara Baru, 1983.
Sabiq, Sayyid. Fiqh al-Sunnah. Cairo: Dar al-Fath, 1999.
Schacht, Joseph. An Introduction to Islamic Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964.
Sen, Amartya. The Idea of Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009.
Sudarto. Law and Criminal Law. Bandung: Alumni, 2007.
Sunstein, Cass R. Designing Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Tamanaha, Brian Z. A General Jurisprudence of Law and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Waldron, Jeremy. Law and Disagreement. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Warren, Samuel D., and Louis D. Brandeis. “The Right to Privacy.” Harvard Law Review 4, no. 5 (1890): 193–220.
Westin, Alan F. *Privacy and Freedom*. New York: Atheneum, 1967
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Kudrat Abdillah, Maylissabet, M. Taufiq
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Hak Cipta :
Penulis yang mempublikasikan naskahnya pada Jurnal ini menyetujui ketentuan berikut:
Hak cipta pada setiap artikel adalah milik penulis.
- Penulis mengakui bahwa TERAJU: Jurnal Syariah dan Hukum berhak sebagai yang mempublikasikan pertama kali dengan lisensi Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Penulis dapat memasukan tulisan secara terpisah, mengatur distribusi non-ekskulif dari naskah yang telah terbit di jurnal ini kedalam versi yang lain (misal: dikirim ke respository institusi penulis, publikasi kedalam buku, dll), dengan mengakui bahwa naskah telah terbit pertama kali pada TERAJU: Jurnal Syariah dan Hukum.
Lisensi :
TERAJU: Jurnal Syariah dan Hukum diterbitkan berdasarkan ketentuan Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Lisensi ini mengizinkan setiap orang untuk menyalin dan menyebarluaskan kembali materi ini dalam bentuk atau format apapun, menggubah, mengubah, dan membuat turunan dari materi ini untuk kepentingan apapun, termasuk kepentingan komersial, selama mereka mencantumkan kredit kepada Penulis atas ciptaan asli.
1.png){kind=small}
1.png){kind=small}
